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New Labour and Old Liberty: Four Comments on the Third Way Ralf DahrendorfNeue Zürcher Zeitung Sunday, 21 November 1999 Europe's traditional political parties are undergoing a fundamental change, just as they did between 1900 and 1925. This transformation has given certain political leaders the confidence to circumvent the normal representative bodies. In creating their "third Way", Prime Minister Blair and Federal Chancellor Schröder have relied more on focus groups than on parliamentary debate. Moving deliberately from irony, to praise to severe criticism, Lord Dahrendorf uses the following essay to examine these developments and ponder the almost total absence of the concept of liberty from the current discussion. It is pleasing to note that a debate has begun in many countries which takes us "beyond left and right". Its theme is described in various ways though the most current designation is, the "third way". Most protagonists have a close relationship to what in Britain is called, New Labour, or sometimes, the "Blair project". In fact the "third way" debate has become the only game in town, the only hint at new directions in a rather confused multitude of trends and ideas. My comments, while critical, are therefore based on a sense of appreciation for those who have introduced the game, and notably its chief theorist, Anthony Giddens. I want to make four comments. 1. The recent paper signed by Tony Blair and Gerhard Schröder and entitled "Europe: The Third Way - Die neue Mitte" begins with a bold statement: "Social democrats are in government in almost all the countries of the Union. Social democracy has found new acceptance - but only because, while retaining its traditional values, it has begun in a credible way to renew its ideas and modernise its programmes. It has also found new acceptance because it stands not only for social justice but also for economic dynamism and the unleashing of creativity and innovation." It was perhaps unfortunate that this document was published a week before the recent European elections of 10/13 June. Not only is it said to have created a certain amount of confusion above all among German Social Democrats but the European elections, whatever their shortcomings and limitations, allow us to check the statement of fact that "social democracy has found new acceptance". The result of this check is telling. In six of the fifteen Union countries, Social Democratic Parties had 20% or less of the vote (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands), in two others (France, Luxemburg) 22% oder 23%. In five further countries the vote for Social Democratic Parties was between 26% and 33% (Germany, Greece, Britain, Austria and Sweden). In Spain 35% voted for the democratic Socialists, and in Portugal 43%. In only four of these countries were Social Democrats relatively the strongest party, and this includes France where the fragmentation of the Right meant that Jospin's Socialists (in themselves hardly unified) were strongest with 22%. It would be tempting to examine the real strength of Social Democrats in European governments (where changes are imminent in Belgium and Luxemburg in any case). The more important point is however that in many European countries these parties had twice the present proportion of the popular vote twenty years ago. Social Democrats are distinctly minority parties in most European countries. Even in Britain Blair's deceptively large parliamentary majority is based on 43% of the popular vote. In terms of electoral analysis the real trend - which is underlined by the European elections - is one towards non-traditional parties, many of which did not exist twenty years ago. In most European countries their vote adds up to more than the Social Democratic vote. In truth, voters are confused and uncertain, pulled hither and yon. It is hard to discern any trend towards a new crystallisation of electoral views. 2. It is of course nevertheless conceivable that the set of ideas promoted by Messrs. Blair and Schröder finds widespread support. (It may find as much support outside as inside Socialist parties. Mr. Blair seems to get on at least as well with Spain's conservative Prime Minister Aznar as with his French Socialist colleague Jospin.) Without wishing to claim first authorship let alone originality, some of the "third way" ideas are not at all dissimilar from the thrust of the Report of a Committee which I chaired in 1995-96, entitled Wealth Creation and Social Cohesion in a Free Society. The key issue with which all countries are confronted today is the answer to the question: how can we create sustainable conditions of economic improvement in global markets while not sacrificing the basic solidarity or cohesion of our societies or the institutions of the constitution of liberty? The terminology used in attempts to give this answer is by now familiar. We need market economies with competitive strength, and this can only be brought about by loosening constraints and liberating the supply side of economies. We need also societies which include all citizens rather than defining an underclass out. Useful as individual competition is in the economy, it has to be tempered by solidarity in social relations. The Blair-Schröder paper uses a phrase which I find misleading when it says: "We support a market economy, not a market society" - or is this more than a slip of the pen? Do they want a command society? If so, they would take a step in the Singapore direction and reduce if not endanger the third element of a programme of squaring the circle, that of doing it all "in a free society". Anthony Giddens places the task of achieving the combination of wealth creation and social cohesion in the context of the great changes which have come about by globalisation, the "new dialogue" with science and technology, and the transformation of values and lifestyles. He then identifies six policy areas of the "third way": (1) a new politics or "second wave of democratisation" by going directly to the people; (2) a new relationship of state, market and civil society which "joins them up"; (3) supply-side policies through social investment notably in education and infrastructure projects; (4) the fundamental reform of the welfare state through creating a new balance of risk and security; (5) a new relationship to the environment by "ecological modernisation"; (6) a strong commitment to trans-national initiatives in a world of "fuzzy sovereignty". There is much to be said about each of these, and in various books and papers on the subject a great deal has been said. The project has been described as a combination of neoliberal economic and social-democratic social policy. That is probably not entirely fair. In some ways the key feature of this approach is one which is implicit rather than explicit; it is its optimism. I have described it as "globalisation plus", that is, accepting the needs of global markets but adding key elements of social well-being. There are other ways of describing the underlying approach, for instance by reference to the use of the word "risk". Ulrich Beck, another protagonist of the "third way" has shown that risk is opportunity as well as threat to security, an invitation to entrepreneurship and initiative as well as a warning of uncertainties. The same could be argued for another favourite word of this approach, flexibilty. Perhaps this is where the "third way" actually divides social democrats. Old Labour sees risk as threat and flexiblity as insecurity, and tries to hold on to the old certainties. New Labour on the contrary emphasises the new opportunities of individual initiative and the way in which people can enhance their well-being by coping with new challenges. Here it becomes evident why the reform of the welfare state is the key policy area in dispute. It also emerges that New Labour may exist in Britain and Holland but not in many other countries where it is more the parties of the old right which tend towards the neue Mitte. The alliance between Blair and Aznar is not so surprising after all. 3. The positive, future-oriented sense of opportunity makes the "third way" approach attractive for those who do not feel threatened, including the new "global class" of those who can hope to benefit from changed forces of production. Perhaps it also shows that the "third way" is not likely to inspire a mass movement even if it is in some cases useful for winning elections. There is something slightly contrived, almost elitist about the concept which attracts wider attention only if it is coupled with almost evangelist methods of communication. "Spin doctors" are in that sense essential for the "third way" as is the strangely religious style of Tony Blair and the presentational brilliance characteristic of Anthony Giddens and Ulrich Beck. They all manage to deflect criticism as on an oilskin which is made of a curious mixture of diffidence and dogmatism. Sceptical questions are as often answered by reference to what might or even should be as by pointing to real conditions. For the inveterate Popperian this can be quite disconcerting. Doubts begin with the term itself, "third way". Its use shows a curious absence of historical awareness among its protagonists which characterises the Clinton-Blair type of leadership in any case. The term also shows an unfortunate need to have a unified or at any rate uniquely labelled ideology. For many of us, by contrast, the great liberation of the revolution of 1989 means that the time of systems is past. There no longer is even a First, Second and Third World, but only varieties of attempts to cope with economic, social and political needs, and admittedly also varieties of success so far. The "third way" presupposes a more Hegelian view of the world. It forces its adherents to define themselves in relation to others rather than by their own peculiar combination of ideas; and often the others have to be invented, even caricatured for the purpose. The point about an open world is that there are not just two or three ways. There are (as I have put it elsewhere) 101, which is another way of saying, an indefinite number. For purposes of practical politics, this is important. The question may be the same everywhere since it is put by largely global conditions: how can we achieve wealth creation and social cohesion in free societies? The answers, however, are many. There are many capitalisms, not just that of Chicago; there are many democracies, not just that of Westminster. Diversity is not an optional extra of high culture; it is at the very heart of a world which has abandoned the need for closed, encompassing systems. In fact - it could be said - even politics in the name of the "third way" is quite varied. Nobody will expect Chancellor Schröder to turn Germany into another Britain. After all reforms, the "Rhenish" model will remain quite different from the "Anglo-Saxon" model, and neither will necessarily be a model for others at all. In any case, not just cynics have observed that the best definition of the "third way" may well be that it is what Mr. Blair actually does. If he is for a directly elected Mayor of London, or against teenage pregnancies, or for the privatisation of railways, this must be the "third way". Still the niggling doubt remains why Blair and his friends need to put it all in one basket. Are the unlimited opportunities of the post-1989 world too difficult to live with? Do the "third way" leaders crave a certainty, at least in their minds, which they deny their peoples in their lives? Is everybody supposed to take risks except those at the top? 4. Such questions lead to the fourth and most serious comment on the present political debate. I have read most of the publications around the idea of a "third way" and been increasingly struck by the fact that one word appears almost never - and never in a central place - in all these speeches and pamphlets and books, the word, liberty. There is much about fraternity which indeed is one of the central themes of the "third way". Equality is dispensed with as a goal and replaced by social inclusion and more recently, by justice. (On both points, I have much sympathy with the discourse.) But liberty? No doubt, "third way" protagonists would say that it is assumed and implied throughout. Consequently it makes a brief appearance in the list of "timeless" values in the Introduction to the Blair-Schröder paper: "fairness and social justice, liberty and equality of opportunity, solidarity and responsibility to others". But among timely values, liberty has no place. This is no accident. The "third way" is not about either open societies or liberty. There is indeed a curious authoritarian streak in it, and not just in practice. When Giddens speaks of a "second wave of democratisation" he in fact has the deconstruction of traditional democratic institutions in mind. Parliaments are outmoded; referenda and focus groups should take their place. "Third way" reforms of the welfare state not only involve compulsory savings but above all the strict insistence on everyone, including the disabled and single mothers, working. Where normal employment - let alone desired employment - is not available, people have to be made to work by the withdrawal of benefits. The Blair-Schröder document contains among others the following curious statement: "The state should not row but steer." It should not provide the wherewithal, but determine the direction, in other words. It will no longer pay for things but tell people what to do. Certainly the British experience provides worrying illustrations of what this might mean. The issue is of major importance at a time at which there are too many authoritarian temptations in any case. The internationalisation of decisions and activities generally means almost invariably a loss of democracy. Nato Council decisions about war and peace, IMF decisions about Russia, even legislation by the EU Council of Ministers are not subject to democratic controls; much less is this the case for the "private" arena of worldwide financial transactions. At the other end, decentralisation rarely means a gain in democracy and liberty. Especially at the sub-national level it is more often the empowerment of more or less militant activists than of the people; it means yielding to the new nationalism of self-aggrandising leaders. And at the national level itself, problems and solutions alike militate against the liberal order. Among the problems, law and order stand out; among the solutions, the proliferance of agencies and quangos which evade civil control. The Singapore syndrome is in fact not very far from widespread trends, even preferences: let those up there deal and leave us in peace! Thus the political class becomes a kind of nomenklatura which remains unchallenged because of the apathy of many, and when those who do not fit are silenced, nobody raises his or her voice. I am not suggesting that this is what practitioners of the "third way" are doing, and much less that it is what its theorists advocate. But I wonder whether the curious silence about the fundamental value of a decent life, liberty - old, very old liberty if you wish - will not involuntarily make this political episode one furhter element in a dangerous development. When, in setting up the Commission on Wealth Creation and Social Cohesion, I insisted on adding the words "in a free society", I thought of Beveridge (Full Employment in a Free Society) but also of the Singapore syndrome. Today it seems more important than even a few years ago to begin a new political project with the insistence on liberty before we turn to social inclusion and cohesion.
FORUM
LATERZA Dopo i risultati delle ultime elezioni europee e il dibattito che ne è conseguito, abbiamo deciso di anticipare in rete l'uscita del volume di Marcello Veneziani Comunitari o liberal. La prossima alternativa? Il pamphlet, che è in libreria dalla fine di settembre, propone una nuova chiave di lettura delle contrapposizioni politiche che come scrive l'autore fanno vivere la democrazia. Sul tema apriamo un Forum, moderato dalla nostra Redazione, con l'intervento di Ralf Dahrendorf che risponde a una lettera dell'autore. Londra, 12 luglio 1999 Caro Veneziani, La ringrazio della Sua lettera, che ho letto con grandissimo interesse. Soprattutto, La ammiro per il coraggio con cui penetra nel groviglio dei fatti confusi e disorientanti e riesce a individuarvi un modello. Non credo di poter vantare un simile coraggio. A mio avviso, è pressoché impossibile prevedere le divisioni politiche dei prossimi decenni, o anche le fratture sociali che le determineranno. Chi, negli anni Novanta del secolo scorso, previde che i partiti liberali sarebbero quasi spariti nel giro di trent'anni? Chi preannunciò la comparsa delle due grandi minacce totalitarie? Chi intuì in anticipo che un secolo liberale, il XIX, sarebbe stato seguito da un secolo socialdemocratico, il XX? E tuttavia condivido il punto fondamentale da Lei così bene espresso nella Sua lettera, là dove parla della necessità di sostituire gradualmente il vecchio e inservibile bipolarismo, senza rinunciare alla necessità di una democrazia dell'alternanza, civilmente conflittuale, tra posizioni antagoniste. Ovvero la necessità di uscire dalle categorie morenti ma senza cadere nella terra di nessuno, nella tabula rasa dominata dai centrismi opportunistici e del pensiero uniforme. Mi sia consentito proporre alcune osservazioni e riflessioni su questo punto fondamentale prima di segnalare gli elementi di disaccordo con la Sua prospettiva del conflitto fra liberal e comunitari. 1. Sono d'accordo con Lei
che le elezioni europee del giugno 1999 ci dicono di più sulle confusioni
dell'elettorato che sui suoi conflitti. In altri termini, la bassa
partecipazione al voto è uno dei tratti più importanti di queste elezioni.
Un'interpretazione in chiave positiva di questa bassa partecipazione sarebbe di
dire che gli elettori prendono sul serio la democrazia e si rendono conto che
l'Europa, l'Unione Europea, in realtà non è democratica. Agli elettori viene
chiesto di fare una cosa che ad essi non piace: fornire una parvenza di
legittimità a istituzioni che di fatto non sono responsabili in senso
democratico. Questo non piace, e quindi gli elettori se ne stanno a casa.
L'interrogativo più serio sollevato da un'interpretazione del genere è in che
modo la democrazia può operare al di là dello Stato-nazione. Dobbiamo
ripensare l'applicazione del principio democratico riguardo alle decisioni
europee e internazionali? Che cosa significa responsabilità nell'Unione Europea,
ma anche in riferimento al Consiglio della Nato, alla Banca Mondiale ecc.?
Questo potrebbe essere un tema chiave per il prossimo decennio. Guardando questo quadro -
e riflettendo sulla sua analisi -, mi ritrovo più domande che risposte. Vorrei
soffermarmi solo su due di queste domande (anche se ce ne sono molte altre). La
prima è la seguente: possiamo individuare qualche avvisaglia di una nuova
spaccatura capace di portare a un nuovo «bipartitismo»? Io penso di no. Il
punto essenziale a proposito dell'umore attuale è che i leader di successo
combinano quello che lei chiama liberalismo con quello che lei chiama
comunitarismo. È proprio qui la forza della «terza via», nel fatto che i suoi
proponenti accettano le regole vincolanti del mercato globale continuando
tuttavia a insistere sulla necessità di farvi entrare tutti e di promuovere la
coesione sociale. Ritengo sia davvero molto improbabile che questi due elementi
si stacchino fra loro e determinino un nuovo conflitto, con i liberal da
una parte e i comunitari dall'altra. Cordiali saluti
(traduzione di Michele Sampaolo)
La sconfitta della
vecchia democrazia SEMBRO' un bel momento quando la democrazia e l'economia di
mercato avevano finalmente vinto la grande sfida. Alcune menti entusiaste
affermarono persino che era giunta la fine della storia. Il futuro era
semplicemente un momento da mettere in scena, godendosi i risultati della
vittoria. Ma ahimè! tale entusiasmo è di breve durata. Dieci anni dopo la
rivoluzione del 1989 nessuno parlerebbe di fine della storia, e pochi
pretenderebbero che la democrazia e l'economia di mercato siano ora indiscusse.
Certamente, per quanto concerne la democrazia, la verità sembra il contrario e
la domanda da porsi è: la democrazia si è conquistata un qualche futuro? |
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